Bart, Looking at your pond I don't think that style of pond can be over filtered or too clean. Koi keepers keep ponds that have no plants, fish only and are spotless clean.
I've seen ponds with plants that had lots of filtering and great growth so I think your original question is not the problem.
Here are some of the thinking's I have COULD be some of the problems,
Koi? If so they could be eating the roots right off the plants. But you mention goldfish only so I'm doubting that is the case.
Heat, Your in Texas and I know some areas in Texas can get extremely hot this time of year. 34" deep water should be ok but check the water temps, temps above 90f can cause issues with some plants however tropical water lilies like that kind of heat, hardies usually do better in slightly cooler water. (80f is about the max temp for hardies for maximum growth but they will survive, grow and bloom at higher temps just not as well.
carbon dioxide deficiency. Hard to believe that this could be happening in that well stocked of a pond but you could try adding oxygenating plants to see if it will help. Oxygenating plants produce oxygen in the day and carbon dioxide in the evening, they will usually take over the nutrients the algae like to feed on and out compete them for it. So do water lettuce and Hyacinths but they release the oxygen and carbon dioxide to the air not the water.
Last is what are your Nitrate readings, Plants feed off of nitrates but I have seen and heard where the nitrates were so high that it caused problems with the plants. Optimal Nitrate level for a fish/plant pond is nitrate reading of above 5ppm but no higher than 80ppm for plants, Fish should be as low as possible and I like seeing it below 40ppm for my fish/plant ponds.