I have been growing bamboo for 3 years now. I have 5 different types, 4 runners and 2 clumpers.
My clumpers are about 3 feet tall might hit 4 this year and I purchased at about 1.5 feet tall. They gain just under a foot in width and height each year. They stay evergreen here in zone 7 and prefer the shade (most clumpers do). I had to transplant one this year to lower a bed due to water damage to a house. I was surprised when the entire plant turned brown. For being so "invasive" as everyone says it didn't take the transplant well at all. I did everything right, only had it out of the ground for about 10 minutes and used root stimulate when putting it back in the ground. Well that was mid March and it is just now getting green leaves again and likely wont grow at all this year.
I planted two different types of running timber (20'-30' tall max height) bamboo ph. decora and ph. negra in the spring of 2010. They were both about 4 feet tall when planted. After the first winter they died back to the ground and reached about 3'-4' last summer. This winter they stayed green but were still pretty small so I bought a couple different kinds that are supposed to get to 40' high. They are about 5' right now. But since my two older plants have been setting up shoots like crazy. But they will probably only hit about 6' tall this year. I hear it takes a while for it to become established (about 5 years) before you start seeing the max height on canes. To tell you the truth the weeping willow I planted is growing much faster than the bamboo.
I have all my runners planted in an area that is about 700 square feet with a bamboo barrier around it, 3' deep.
Here are some pics to give you an idea of the growth rate:
Running Bamboo
June 2010
March 2011
Summer 2011
Feb 2012
A week ago, there are many new shoots since this pic was taken.
My goal is to have it fill in that entire area with tall 20'-40' timber bamboo, providing shade and privacy, plus a cool back drop for the pond. But as you can see I am patiently waiting
Bamboo can be slow growing, and can become invasive. Without any care in the first couple of year it may not make it. They can be very easy to grow with minimal required maintenance if you always do the required maintenance (about 2-3 times a year).